My friends certainly never find Directa and Indirect in a conversation ? but there are still many who do not understand that it is Direct and indirect speech . In the language of the word indonesiadirect and indirect direct and indirect sentences . For a clearer explanation and therefore we discuss articles Direct and Indirect Speech Acts.
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts
One speakers have decided on a particular speech act, they have to decide what form it should take. In asking whether or not John is there, they could select Is John there?., Coud you tell me if John is there?, Please let me know whether or not John is there, or one of many other possible forms. One basis on which they make the selection is efficiency. Some forms are shorter and less cumbersome than others. A more usual basis, however, is interpretation. The indirect ways of expressing a speech act usually carry slightly different interpretations. The varienties of indirect requests provide a good illustration. They differ mainly in their politeness:
- Open the door
- I would like you to open the door
- Can you open the door?
- Would you mind opening the door?
- May I ask you whether or not you mind opening the door?
These tun the gamut of politeness from 1, wich is normally rude and authoritarian, to 5, which is asually overly polite. R. Lakoff (1973b) has argued that his variation comes about from two rules of politeness:
Rule 1 : Don't impose.
Rule 2 : Give options.
Sentence 1 is the most imposing and therefore the last polite. Because it doesn't give options, it assummes the speaker has considerable authourity over the listener. Sentence 2 gives the listener the option of whether or not to please the speaker. That isn't very much of an option, and so it too imposes, though not as much as 1. As a question, 3 gives and explicit option, for the listener can answer yes or no to the question about the possibility of opening the door. It assumes little outhority, imposes very little, and is therefore more polite than 1 or 2. Sentence 4 goes one step beyong 3 and gives the listener the option of saying whether or not opening the door would be an imposition. And 5 is ultra polite, for it requests permission even to ask the listener whether or not opening the door would be an imposition. So to choose among 1 through 5, speakers have to decide on several questions. What is their authority relative to the listener? Do they want to be rude or polite, and if so, to what degree? Should they give options? In an emergency, as during a fire, they wouldn't want to give options and would always yell Open the door. Once again, however, although it it possible to spell out the conditions process by which they make that selection.
Thematic structure
The third set of options speakers have open to them are concerned with thematic structure. They have to decide what is to be subject and predicat, what is to be given information and new information, and what is to be frame and insert. Recall that subject and predicate specify what is being talked about and what is being said about it. Given and new information specify what the listener is expected to be able to identify uniquely and what he doesn't yet know. Frame and insert specify the framework of the utterance and its contents. Normally these three pairs of functions roughly coincide. What is being talked about is known to the listener, as is the setting within which the predicate and new in formation are placed. Nevertheless, they can be separated. The problem speakers have to solve is wich options they should select to further their aims.
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